سازه‌ بافل در مهندسی آب: مروری بر کاربردها، چالش‌ها و روش‌های نوین در کنترل جریان و مدیریت سیلاب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.

10.22034/nawee.2025.553107.1171
چکیده
یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌ها در مهندسی آب، مدیریت و کنترل جریان‌های آزاد و سازه‌های آبی به منظور حفاظت از منابع طبیعی، زیرساخت‌ها و اکوسیستم‌های پیرامون است. سازه‌های بافل به‌عنوان ابزاری مؤثر در کنترل و مدیریت جریان آب، نقش مهمی در بهینه‌سازی عملکرد هیدرولیکی، استهلاک انرژی جنبشی جریان و بهبود انتقال رسوب ایفا می‌کنند. در این پژوهش مروری، مطالعات متعددی در زمینه انواع بافل‌ها، تحلیل‌های هیدرولیکی بر اساس معادلات حاکم بر جریان سیال، و مکانیزم‌های اثرگذاری این سازه‌ها در مجاری باز بررسی شده است. کاربردهای اصلی بافل‌ها شامل اندازه‌گیری جریان، کنترل انرژی و کاهش سرعت جریان، مدیریت ظرفیت جریان، کاهش فرسایش و آبشستگی، بهبود فرآیند حذف مواد معلق در حوضچه‌های ته‌نشینی، کاهش اثرات ناشی از جریان‌های ناگهانی و سیلاب‌ها و مدیریت جریان‌های واریزه‌ای (آواری) می‌باشد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که استفاده بهینه از بافل‌ها می‌تواند پایداری سازه‌های هیدرولیکی را افزایش داده و به مدیریت و کاهش اثرات منفی جریان و سیلاب در پایین‌دست کمک کند. این فناوری به‌ویژه در کنترل فرسایش و مدیریت سیلاب‌ها کاربرد گسترده‌ای دارد. همچنین در ادامه چالش‌ها و محدودیت‌های موجود در طراحی بافل‌ها مورد بحث قرار گرفته و روندهای نوین در توسعه این سازه‌ها معرفی شده است. این مرور با تمرکز بر چالش‌ها و محدودیت‌ها، بر ضرورت مطالعات سیستماتیک و استفاده گسترده‌تر از سازه‌های بافل در پروژه‌های مهندسی آب تأکید نموده و مسیرهای تحقیقاتی آینده را پیشنهاد می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله English

Baffle Structure in Water Engineering: A Review of Applications, Challenges, and Innovative Methods in Flow Control and Flood Management

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Khosravi-Hamouleh
Elham Ghanbari Adivi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
چکیده English

One of the most important challenges in water engineering is the management and control of free flows and water structures in order to protect natural resources, infrastructures and surrounding ecosystems. Baffle structures, as an effective tool in controlling and managing water flow, play an important role in optimizing hydraulic performance, dissipating flow kinetic energy and improving sediment transport. In this review, several studies on the types of baffles, hydraulic analyses based on the governing equations of fluid flow, and the mechanisms of action of these structures in open channels have been investigated. The main applications of baffles include flow measurement, energy control and flow velocity reduction, flow capacity management, erosion and scour reduction, improving the process of suspended solids removal in sedimentation basins, reducing the effects of sudden flows and floods, and managing debris flows. The findings show that the optimal use of baffles can increase the stability of hydraulic structures and help manage and reduce the negative effects of flow and flood downstream. This technology is widely used, especially in erosion control and flood management. The challenges and limitations in baffle design are also discussed and new trends in the development of these structures are introduced. By focusing on the challenges and limitations, this review emphasizes the need for systematic studies and wider use of baffle structures in water engineering projects and suggests future research directions.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Energy dissipation
Baffle structure
Flow control
Open channels
Flood management
ایرانپور، علی؛ اگدرنژاد، اصلان؛ حیدرنژاد، محمد. (1403). بررسی عددی استهلاک انرژی در سرریزهای کلیدپیانویی بافل دار. رویکردهای نوین در مهندسی آب و محیط‌زیست، 3(1)،70-55.
حیدری، محمد مهدی؛ شفاعی بجستان، محمود (1393). بررسی تجربی تأثیر تیغه بر بهبود راندمان مخازن رسوب‌گذاریمجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران ، 8(4)، 569-580 .
دانشفراز، رسول؛ قادری، امیر؛ باقری، علیرضا (1401). تأثیر زاویه و شکل هندسی بلوک بر استهلاک انرژی جریان در شوت بافل‌دار مهندسی محیط زیست و آب ، 9(2)، 225-240. 
سرکاماریان، سعید؛ قمشی، مهدی (1398). مطالعه اتلاف انرژی در ناودان با مانع مستغرق با استفاده از مدل فیزیکی مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز، 11(3)، 691-700 .
عبدی چوپلو، چنور؛ قدسیان، مسعود؛ واقفی، محمد؛ کازرونی، سارا؛ بداغی، الناز (1401). مطالعه آزمایشگاهی اثر ارتفاع ریزش جریان بر توپوگرافی بستر پایین دست سرریز کلیدپیانویی ذوزنقه ای شکل نوع A. رویکردهای نوین در مهندسی آب و محیط‌زیست،1(1)، 124-113.
نعماوی زاده، محمدعلی؛ اگدرنژاد، اصلان؛ مسجدی، علیرضا (1402). بررسی آزمایشگاهی تلفات انرژی در سرریزهای جامی شکل مثلثی ساده و دندانه‌ای. رویکردهای نوین در مهندسی آب و محیط‌زیست، 2(1)، 92-81.
 
Aali, F., Vatankhah, A. R., 2023. Experimental study of simple flumes with trapezoidal contraction. Flow measurement and instrumentation, 90, pp. 102328.
Abdelhaleem, F. S. F., 2013. Effect of semi-circular baffle blocks on local scour downstream clear-overfall weirs. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(4), pp. 675-684.
Abdi Chooplou, C., Kahrizi, E., Fathi, A., Ghodsian, M., 2024. Baffle-enhanced scour mitigation in rectangular and trapezoidal piano key weirs: An experimental and machine learning investigation. Water, 16(15), 2133.
Abdi Choploo, C., Ghodsian, M., Vaghefi, M., Kazeroni, S., and Bodaghi, E., 2022. Experimental Study of the Effect of Nappe Height on the Bed Topography Downstream of a Type-A Trapezoidal Piano Key Weir. New Approaches in Water and Environmental Engineering, 1(1), pp.113-124. [In Persian].
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management Ministry of Emergency Management & Ministry of Education. Global Disaster Data Platform (Chinese Version) on May 12 Line, the 2020 Global Natural Disaster Assessment Report (Abstract in Chinese) Was Released Simultaneously. 12 May 2021. Available online: http://adrem.bnu.edu.cn/xwkx/231044.html
Admiraal, D. M., Zhang, C., 2023. Energy Dissipation Optimization for Circular Culverts.
Ahmed, K. O., Kavianpour, M. R., Amini, A. Aminpour, Y., 2025. Numerical assessments of scour depth predictions downstream of box culverts under various flow and blockage conditions. Discover Applied Sciences, 7(3), pp. 211.
Ahmed, K. O., Kavianpour, M. R., Amini, A., Aminpour, Y., 2024a. Numerical modelling of downstream scour in circular culverts: Impact of inlet blockages and variable flow conditions. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0312501.
Ahmed, K. O., Kavianpour, M. R., Amini, A., Aminpour, Y., 2024b. Physical modeling of the effect of shape, blockage, and flow variability on scour in culvert outlets. PLOS ONE, 19(6), e0306252.
Ahmed, K. O., Nariman, N., Hawez, D. M., Kisi, O., Amini, A., 2023. Predicting and optimizing the influenced parameters for culvert outlet scouring utilizing coupled FLOW 3D-surrogate modeling. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Trans Civil Engineering, 47(3), pp. 1763–1776.
Ahmed, S., 2019. Water flow control methods in civil engineering. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 145(6), pp. 04019011
Ahmedi, F. Thaqi, P., 2025. Baffle Utilization in Settling Tanks: A Review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(3), pp. 1995-2002.
Al-Fatlawi, M., Al-Shuker, A., 2023. Experimental investigation of energy dissipation in ogee spillway using new distributions of dissipation blocks. E3S Web of Conferences.
Al-Mafraji, E. A., Al-Mussawy, H. A., 2021. Using lower and upper baffle arrangements to enhance sedimentation tank performance. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067(1), pp. 012009.
Al-mansori, N., Alfatlawi, T., Hashim, K., Al-Zubaidi, L. S. A., 2020. The Effects of Different Shaped Baffle Blocks on the Energy Dissipation. Civil Engineering Journal.
Aluthwalage, K. P. S., 2023. Energetics and dynamics of flow through baffle drop shafts using physical and computational model studies.
Amirgaliyev, B., Kozbakova, A., Omarova, P., Merembayev, T., Amirzhan, K., 2025. Development and experimental study of an intelligent water quality monitoring system based on the internet of things. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 14(1), pp. 761–773.
Arao, S., Takita, Y., Kusuda, T., 2000. Improvement of Two-Way Circular Drop Manholes for Reduction of Flood Damage. Environmental Engineering Research.
Asgharzadeh, H., Firoozabadi, B., Afshin, H., 2011. Experimental investigation of effects of baffle configurations on the performance of a secondary sedimentation tank. Scientia Iranica, 18(4), pp. 938.
Aydoğdu, M. 2024. The Role of CFD Technique in the Effect of Baffle Blocks on Flow Dynamics. NatureNgs, 5(2), pp. 70–76.
Aydın, M. C. Ulu, A. E., 2018. Effects of different shaped baffle blocks on the energy dissipation and the downstream scour of a regulator. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, 8(2), pp. 69-74.
Badar, A. M., Ghare, A. D., 2012. Development of discharge prediction model for trapezoidal canals using simple portable flume. Int. J. Hydraul. Eng, 1(5), pp. 37-42.
Baiamonte, G., Ferro, V., 2007. Simple flume for flow measurement in sloping open channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(1), pp. 71–78.
Bekheet, A.A., AboulAtta, N.M., Saad, N.Y., El-Molla, D.A., 2025. Energy dissipation in stepped spillways: a comprehensive review of the recent research. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 10(6), pp. 1–25.
Bichler, A., Yonin, D., Stelzer, G., 2012. Flexible debris flow mitigation: introducing the 5.5 mile debris fence. In: Eberhardt, E. et al. (eds) Landslides and engineered slopes: protecting society through improved understanding. CRC Press, pp. 1209–1214.
Bijankhan, M. & Ferro, V., 2019. Experimental study on triangular central baffle flume. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 70, pp. 101641.
Bijankhan, M., Kouchakzadeh, S., 2012. Baffle modules: improved design based on the variable hydraulic sensitivity concept. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(2), pp. 260-269.
Bijankhan, M., Teymourkhani, A., Ferro, V., 2022. Portable central baffle flume. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 53(2).
Bong, C. H. J., Liow, C. V., 2020. Hydraulic characteristics of flow through angled baffle-plates in an open channel. International Journal of River Basin Management, 18(3), pp. 377–382.
Bouisfi, F., Bouisfi, A., Ouarriche, H., Bouhali, M., Chaoui, M., 2019. Improving removal efficiency of sedimentation tanks using different inlet and outlet position. FME Transactions, 47(4), pp. 894.
Bowman, E. T., Laue, J., Imre, B., Springman, S. M., 2010. Experimental modelling of debris flow behavior using a geotechnical centrifuge. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(7), pp. 742–762.
Bridgewater, C., Smith, J. 2023. Applications of baffles in hydropower plants. Renewable Energy Journal, 58(2), pp. 243-256
Bugnion, L., Acardell, B. W., Bartelt, P., Wendeler, C., 2012. Measurements of hillslope debris flow impact pressure on obstacles. Landslides, 9, pp. 179–187.
Campisano, A., Doria, V. A., 2007. Vertical baffles for the capture of floatables in sewer channels.
Carollo, F. G., Di Stefano, C., Ferro, V., Pampalone, V., 2016. New stage-discharge equation for the SMBF flume. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(5), pp. 04016005.
Chanson, H., 2015. Energy dissipators in hydraulic structures. CRC Press.
Chen, W., Zhang, B., Xu, N., Huang, Y., 2024. Investigation of the Deformation Behavior of Baffle Structures Impacted by Debris Flow Based on Physical Modelling. Water, 16(14), pp. 2046.
Chin, D. A., 2023. Discussion of “Calibration of Stage–Discharge Relationship for Rectangular Flume with Central Cylindrical Contraction”. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 149(6), pp. 07023007.
Choi, C. E., Ng, C. W. W., Liu, H., Wang, Y., 2020. Interaction between dry granular flow and rigid barrier with basal clearance: analytical and physical modelling. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 57(2), pp. 236–245.
Cosenza, E., Cozzolino, L., Pianese, D., Fabbrocino, G., Acanfora, M., 2006. Concrete structures for mitigation of debris-flow hazard in the Montoro Inferiore Area, Southern Italy. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress, Naples, Italy, 12 pages.
Crittenden, C. J., Trussell, R. R., Hand, W. D., Howe, J. K., Tchobanoglous, G. M., 2012. MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey.
Cupać, R., Zahirović, E., Blagojević, V., 2020. Flood damage functions in the Vrbas River Basin. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment.
Daneshfaraz, R., Aminvash, E., Di Francesco, S., Najibi, A., Abraham, J., 2021. Three-dimensional study of the effect of block roughness geometry on inclined drop. Journal of Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6(1), pp. 1-9.
Daneshfaraz, R., Ghaderi, A., Bagheri, A., 2023. Effect of angle and geometric shape of block on flow energy dissipation in baffled chute. Environment and Water Engineering. [In Persian].
Daneshfaraz, R., Ghaderi, A., Bagheri, A., 2025. Design and evaluation of baffled fishways for enhanced migratory fish passage. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.
Ding, Z., Marensi, E., Willis, A. P., Kerswell, R., 2020. Stabilising pipe flow by a baffle designed using energy stability. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 902.
Djunur, L. H., Pallu, M. S., Karamma, R., Bakri, B., 2024. Effect of Porous Rectangular Type Baffle Block Angle on Hydraulic Jump Downstream of Spillway. Civil Engineering Journal, 10(10), 3173–3193.
Dong, F., Xu, X., Zhang, W., Hu, W., Cao, X., 2024. Investigation and optimization of wave suppression baffles in automobile integrated water tanks. Journal of Automotive Fluid Mechanics.
El-Masry, A.A., 2001. Minimization of scour downstream heading-up structures using double line of angle baffles. In Proc of sixth international water technology conference (IWTC). Alexandria, Egypt.
El-Saie, Y., Saleh, O., El-Sayed, M., Ali, A., Sadek, E. E. T. Y. M., 2023. Dissipation of Water Energy by Using a Special Stilling Basin Via Three-dimensional Numerical Model. The Open Civil Engineering Journal.
Eloubaidy, A., Al-Baidhani, J., Ghazali, A. H., 1999. Dissipation of hydraulic energy by curved baffle blocks. Pertanika J. Sci. Technol, 7(1), pp. 69-77.
Emiroglu, M. E., Gogus, M., Tunc, M., Islamoglu, K., 2017. Effects of antivortex structures installed on trapezoidal labyrinth side weirs on discharge capacity and scouring. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(6), pp. 04017006.
Ferro, V., 2016. Simple flume with a central baffle. Flow Meas. Instrum., 52, pp. 53–56.
Garcia, E., Patel, S., 2022. Protection of hydraulic structures using baffles. Journal of Structural Engineering, 148(5), pp. 04022034
Garcia, L., 2022. Advancements in fluid mechanics and their impact on structure design. International Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(3), pp. 325-336
Gems, B., Wörndl, M., Gabl, R., Weber, C., Aufleger, M., 2014. Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14, pp. 175–187.
Ghare, A. D., Kapoor, A., Badar, A. M., 2020. Cylindrical central baffle flume for flow measurements in open channels. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering.
Ghare, A., Badar, A., 2014. Experimental studies on the use of mobile cylinders for measurement of flow through rectangular channels. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(4), pp. 504-512.
Ghasemi, M. & Vatankhah, A. R., 2024. Experimental study of simple flumes with converging triangular walls. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 97, pp. 102623.
Golian, S., Moazami, S., Yazdi, J., Sheshangosht, S., 2010. An IFM-based flood damage reduction: A small study area in Iran., 2010 International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.
Goodwin, S. R., Choi, C. E., Yune, C. Y., 2021. Towards rational use of baffle arrays on sloped and horizontal terrain for filtering boulders. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 58(10), pp. 1571–1589.
Habibi, K., Erfani Fard, F., Asghari Pari, S. A., Azimi, A. H., 2025. Experimental and numerical studies on the hydraulics of stepped spillways with baffle walls and blocks. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 31(2), pp. 217-238.
Habibzadeh, A., Loewen, M., Rajaratnam, N., 2012. Performance of Baffle Blocks in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.
Habibzadeh, A., Mehrzadegan, H. R., 2014. Effect of Baffles on the Flow and Hydrodynamics of Settling Basins: A Review.
Hager, W. H., 1985. Modified venturi channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 111(1), pp. 19-35.
Hager, W. H., 1986. Modified, trapezoidal Venturi channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 112(3), pp. 225-241.
Hager, W. H., 1988. Mobile flume for circular channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 114(3), pp. 520-534.
Hamidifar, H., Nasrabadi, M., Omid, M. H., 2018. Using a bed sill as a scour countermeasure downstream of an apron. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp. 1663-1669.
Harvard Brescher, U., Krebs, P., Hager, W. H., 1992. Improvement of flow in final settling tanks. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 118(3), pp. 307-321.
Haukksson, S., Pagliardi, M., Barbolini, M., Johannesson, T., 2007. Laboratory measurements of impact force of supercritical granular flow against mast-like obstacles. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 49, pp. 54–63.
Heydari, M. M., Shafaei Bajestan, M., 2014. Laboratory investigation of the effect of flow calming plates on improving the sedimentation efficiency of irrigation sedimentation basins. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 8(3), pp. 569-580. [In Persian].
Heyrani, M., Mohammadian, A., Nistor, I. & Dursun, O. F., 2022. Application of numerical and experimental modeling to improve the efficiency of Parshall flumes: a review of the state-of-the-art. Hydrology, 9(2), pp. 26.
Hirom, K. Devi, T. T., 2025. Investigating the effects of perforated inlet baffles in a circular sedimentation tank using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2025.
Hirom, K., Devi, T. T., 2024. A computational fluid dynamics study on the optimisation of a circular sedimentation tank using perforated inlet baffles. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, pp. 1-14.
Huang, Y., Zhang, B., Zhu, C., Zhu, C., 2021. Computational assessment of baffle performance against rapid granular flows. Landslides, 18(1), pp. 485–501.
Huebl, J., Fiebiger, G., 2005. Debris-flow mitigation measures. In: Jakob, M. & Hungr, O. (eds) Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena.
Huggins, D. L., Piedrahita, R. H., Rumsey, T., 2005. Use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aquaculture raceway design to increase settling effectiveness. Aquacultural Engineering, 33(3), pp. 167.
IAHS., 1984. World catalogue of maximum observed floods. IAHS-AISH Publication No. 143, Wallingford, UK.
Iranpour, A., Agdarnazhad, A., and Heydarnazhad, M., 2024. Numerical Investigation of Energy Dissipation in Baffled Piano Key Weirs. New Approaches in Water and Environmental Engineering, 3(1), pp.55-70. [In Persian].
Iverson, R. M., Reid, M. E., LaHusen, R. G., 1997. Debris-flow mobilization from landslides. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25, pp. 85–138.
Jamshidnia, H. R., Takeda, Y., 2009. UVP measurement of flow around a baffle in a rectangular open channel. Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, 4(3), pp. 758-774.
Jamshidnia, H., Firoozabadi, B., 2010. Experimental investigation of baffle effect on the flow in a rectangular primary sedimentation tank. Scientia Iranica, 17(4), pp. 241.
Jamshidnia, H., Takeda, Y., 2010. An experimental study of the effect of a baffle on the flow structure in a rectangular open channel using UVP. Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, 5(3), pp. 542-557.
Jamshidnia, H., Takeda, Y., Firoozabadi, B., 2010. Effect of a standing baffle on the flow structure in a rectangular open channel. Journal of Hydraulic Research.
Jesson, M., Sterling, M., Baker, D., 2016. Application of ISO4359 for discharge calculation in a narrow 404 flume. Flow Meas. Instrum., 54, pp. 283–287.
Johnson, R., Lee, A., 2018. Historical water structures in ancient civilizations. Journal of Historical Engineering, 12(4), pp. 45-57
Kang, J. G., 2017. An experimental study on the dissipation effect of a Baffle downstream of a Weir. Engineering, 9(11), pp. 937-949
Kapoor, A., Ghare, A. D., Badar, A. M., 2022. CFD Simulations of Conical Central Baffle Flumes. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148(2), pp. 06021014.
Kapoor, A., Ghare, A. D., Vasudeo, A. D., Badar, A. M., 2019. Channel flow measurement using portable conical central baffle. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 145(11), pp. 06019010.
Karimi Chahartaghi, M., Nazari, S. Babarsad, M. S., 2020. Investigating the effects of the block geometries and sidewall divergences on the local scour downstream of baffled chute spillways. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020(1), pp. 2978602.
Khatsuria, R. M. 2004. Hydraulics of spillways and energy dissipators. CRC Press.
Khidhir, M. R., Ahmed, K. O., Bahrami, J., Isari, M., Karim, M. M., 2025. Influence of turbulence models on simulated flow characteristics over ogee spillways. Journal of the Studies in Civil Engineering, 2(1), 1.
Kim, B. J., Han, K. D., Kim, H. S., Choi, C. E., Yune, C. Y., 2019. An experimental study on cylindrical countermeasures for dissipation of debris flow energy. Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Environment Society, 20(1), pp. 57–65.
Kim, B. J., Yune, C. Y., 2025. Flume investigation of debris flow entrained boulders with cylindrical baffles and a rigid barrier. Engineering Geology, 344, pp. 107836.
Kim, B.J., Choi, C.E., Yune, C.Y., 2023. Multi-scale flume investigation of the influence of cylindrical baffles on the mobility of landslide debris. Engineering Geology, 314, pp. 107012.
Krebs, P., Vischer, D., Gujer, W., 1995. Inlet structure design for final Clarifiers. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 121(8), pp. 558-564.
Kumcu, S. Y., Ispir, K., 2022. Experimental and numerical modeling of various energy dissipater designs in chute channels. Applied Water Science, 12(12), pp. 266.
Kumcu, S. Y., Kökpınar, M. A., 2019. Application of numerical modeling on spillway structures: a case study of kavsak bendi hydroelectrıc power plant (HEPP). DSI Tech Bull, 132, pp. 12-27.
Lave, T., Lave, L., 1991. Public perception of the risks of floods: implications for communication. Risk Analysis.
Law, R. P. H., Choi, C., Ng, C., 2016. Discrete-element investigation of influence of granular debris flow baffles on rigid barrier impact. Canadian Geotechnical Journal.
Lee, B., 2017. Evaluation of double perforated baffles installed in rectangular secondary clarifiers. Water, 9(6), pp. 407.
Liu, Y., Zhang, P., Wei, W., 2016. Simulation of the effect of a baffle on the flow patterns and hydraulic efficiency in a sedimentation tank. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(54), pp. 25950-25959.
Loginova, O., Petropavlovskikh, O., 2021. Inspection and assessment of concrete pipe culverts under highways in Tatarstan. In: E3S Web of Conferences.
Lotfi Kolavani, F., Bijankhan, M., Di Stefano, C., Ferro, V., Mahdavi Mazdeh, A., 2019. Experimental study of central baffle flume. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 145(3), pp. 04019002.
Love, J. S., McNamara, K. P., 2024. Horizontal baffles for robust shallow water tuned sloshing dampers. Engineering Structures.
Luo, H., Zhang, L., He, J., Zhou, J., 2025. Performance of debris flow barriers: an energy perspective. Acta Geotechnica, 20(2), pp. 987–1000.
Martinez, R., 2019. The role of baffles in modern hydraulic engineering. Water Resources Management, 33(10), pp. 3901-3915
Masjedi, A., Bejestan, M. S., Esfandi, A., 2010. Experimental study on local scour around single oblong pier fitted with a collar in a 180-degree flume bend. International Journal of Sediment Research, 25(3), pp. 304-312.
Maziar, Y., Mohammad, M., Martin, L., David, S. A. A modelling framework to design an evacuation support system for healthcare infrastructures in response to major flood events. Prog. Disaster Sci. 2022, 13, pp. 100218.
Mazon, J., Romero, L., González, D., Solanes, J. C. B., Ruiz Bellet, J. L., Mestre, J., Barriendos Valve, M., 2015. Transdisciplinary and multiscale reconstruction of the major floods.
Melan, A., Syamsir, A., Zawawi, M. H., 2019. Enhancement of Energy Dissipation by Using Different Shape of Baffle Block - A Review. In: Springer, Singapore, pp. 567–576.
Mesbahi, M., Talebbeydokhti, N., Hosseini, S. A., Afzali, S. H., 2017. External validation criteria and uncertainty analysis of maximum scour depth at downstream of stilling basins based on EPR and MT approaches. Iran J Sci Techn Trans Civ Eng, 41(1), pp. 87–99.
Mignot, E., Moyne, T., Doppler, D., Rivière, N., 2015. Clear-water scouring process in a flow in supercritical regime. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 142(4), pp. 04015063.
Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China., 2019 Global Natural Disaster Assessment Report. Released Last Year’s Global Natural Disasters Were Generally Lighter, and Chinese Disaster Losses Were among the Highest in the World. 8 May 2020. Available online: https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/bndt/202005/t20200508_352281.shtml.
Mir, B. H., Lone, M. A., Rather, N. A., 2018. Significance of shape factor of obstacle on local scour. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Trans Civil Engineering, 43(1), pp. 323–330.
Mizuyama, T., 2008. Structural countermeasures for debris flow disasters. International Journal of Erosion Control Engineering, 1, pp. 38–43.
Mohammed, H. J., Al-Shukur, A. H. K., 2022. Investigating Energy Dissipation for Different Inclined Spillways and Baffles Blocks. Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences, 30(3), pp. 74-95.
Mohammed, S.R., Nile, B.K. and Hassan, W.H., 2020, January. Modelling stilling basins for sewage networks. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol. 671, No. 1, p. 012111). IOP Publishing.
Momeni Heravi, A., Kouchakzadeh, S., Bijankhan, M., 2023. Water delivery performance of Baffle modules using 3D simulation. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 29(2), pp. 154-164.
Nair, P. S., Ghare, A. D., Kapoor, A., 2023. An Improved Channel Flow Measurement Approach Using Conical Central Baffle Flumes.
Nair, P. S., Ghare, A. D., Kapoor, A., 2024. An approach to hydraulic design of Conical Central Baffle Flumes. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 97, pp. 102573.
Nair, P. S., Ghare, A. D., Kapoor, A., Badar, A. M., 2025. Improved discharge prediction models for flow measurements using Central Baffle Flumes. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 104, 102882.
Nasyrlayev, N., Kizilaslan, M. A., Kurumus, A. T., Demirel, E., Aral, M. M., 2020. A perforated baffle design to improve mixing in contact tanks. Water, 12(4), pp. 1022.
Nemavizadeh, M. A., Agdarnazhad, A., and Masjedi, A., 2023. Experimental Investigation of Energy Loss in Simple and Toothed Triangular Bucket Spillways. New Approaches in Water and Environmental Engineering, 2(1), pp.81-92. [In Persian].
Ng CWW, Choi CE, Song D, Kwan JSH, Koo RCH, Shiu HYK, Ho KKS., 2015a Erratum to: physical modeling of baffles influence on landslide debris mobility. Landslides 12, p. 627.
Ng, C. W. W., Choi, C. E., Kwan, J. S. H., Shiu, H. Y. K., Ho, K. K. S., Koo, R. C. H., 2012. Flume modelling of debris flow resisting baffles. Natural Terrain Hazard Mitigation Measures, pp. 11.
Ng, C. W. W., Choi, C. E., Song, D., Kwan, J. S. H., Koo, R. C. H., Shiu, H. Y. K., 2015a. Erratum to: physical modeling of baffles influence on landslide debris mobility. Landslides, 12, pp. 627.
Ng, C. W. W., Choi, C. E., Song, D., Kwan, J. S. H., Koo, R. C. H., Shiu, H. Y. K., 2015b. Physical modeling of baffles influence on landslide debris mobility. Landslides, 12, pp. 1–18.
Ng, C.W., Li, Z., Liu, H., Poudyal, S., Jia, Z., Zhang, R., 2025. Effects of Barrier Deflectors on Impact Mechanisms against Debris Flow. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 151(8), pp. 04025074.
Nguyen, T. K., Nguyen, N. H. T., Vo, T. T., Chen, L., 2025. Dissipative effects of baffles on the dynamics of debris flow and its impact on downstream structure. Computers and Geotechnics.
Niyazi, H., Yaban, H. Demirel, E., 2022. Structure and dynamics of the turbulent flow through a central baffle. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 88, pp. 102248
Niyazi, H., Yaban, H., Demirel, E., 2022. Structure and dynamics of the turbulent flow through a central baffle. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 88, pp. 102248.
Nouri, A. Z., Heydari, M. M., 2017. Experimental investigation of the effect of baffles on the efficiency improvement of irrigation sedimentation tank structures. Structural Engineering and Mechanics: An International Journal, 63(4), pp. 567-574.
Novak, P., Moffat, A. I. B., Nalluri, C., Narayanan, R., 2017. Hydraulic structures. CRC Press.
Nugroho, J., Soekarno, I., Soeharno, A. W. H., 2019. Experimental study of energy dissipation at baffled chute spillway. Jurnal Teoretis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil, 26(1), pp. 33-37.
Panwar, A., Tiwari, H. L., 2014. Hydraulic energy dissipators-a review. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 3(4), pp. 400-402.
Park, N. S., Kim, S. S., Lee, Y. J., Wang, C. K., 2014. Effects of longitudinal baffles on particles settling in a sedimentation basin. Water Science and Technology, 69(6), pp. 1212.
Peruginelli, A., Bonacci, F., 1997. Mobile prisms for flow measurement in rectangular channels. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 123(3), pp. 170-174.
Peterka, A. J., 1984. Hydraulic design of stilling basins and energy dissipaters. Denver, Colorado: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
Pujari, S., Kaushik, V., Kumar, S. A., 2023. Prediction of energy dissipation over stepped spillway with baffles using machine learning techniques. Civil Engineering and Architecture.
Qasim, R. M., Abdulhussein, I. A., Hameed, M. A., 2023. Analysis of the hydraulic interference between the baffles and the composite hydraulic structure.
Raker, E. J., 2025. Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health. Demography, pp. 11792975.
Rashed, R. E., El-Masry, A. A., AbdelGawad, H. A. A., 2022. Effect of Hollow Semi-Circular Baffles Arrangement on Local Scour Downstream Hydraulic Structures. MEJ-Mansoura Engineering Journal, 47(3), pp. 22-31.
Rasul, A. M., Ahmed, K. O., Bahrami, J., Isari, M., pour, M. R. K., Aminpour, Y. Pande, C. B., 2025. Experimental investigation of baffle configurations, blockage, and flow variability on downstream scour in box culverts. Applied Water Science, 15(5), pp. 109.
Razmi, A. M., Bakhtyār, R., Firoozabadi, B., Barry, D. A., 2013. Experiments and numerical modeling of baffle configuration effects on the performance of sedimentation tanks. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 40(2), pp. 140.
Roberts, P., 2021. The impact of the industrial revolution on hydraulic engineering. Engineering History Review, 25(1), pp. 22-35
Rojas, R., Feyen, L., Watkiss, P., 2003. Climate change and river floods in the European Union: socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), pp. 1737–1751.
Roushangar, K., Akhgar, S., Shahnazi, S., 2022. The effect of triangular prismatic elements on the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways in the skimming flow regime: an experimental study and numerical modeling. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 24(2), pp. 243-258.
Sadeghfam, S., Khatibi, R., Hassanzadeh, Y., Daneshfaraz, R., Ghorbani, M. A., 2017. Forced hydraulic jumps described by classic hydraulic equations reproducing cusp catastrophe features. Arab J Sci Eng, 1–11.
Saeedi, E., Behnamtalab, E., Salehi Neyshabouri, S. A. A., 2020. Numerical simulation of baffle effect on the performance of sedimentation basin. Water and Environment Journal, 34(2), pp. 212-222.
Samani, Z., 2017. Three simple flumes for flow measurement in open channels. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(6), pp. 04017010.
Samani, Z., Jorat, S., Yousaf, M., 1991. Hydraulic characteristics of circular flume. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(4), pp. 558-566.
Samani, Z., Magallanez, H., 2000. Simple flume for flow measurement in open channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 126(2), pp. 127-129.
Sarkamaryan, S., Ghomeshi, M., 2019. Study of energy dissipation in the chute with submerged obstacle using physical model. Watershed Eng. Manage., 11(3), pp. 691-700. [In Persian].
Shahrokhi, M., Rostami, F., Md Said, M. A., Sabbagh-Yazdi, S. R., Syafalni, S., Abdullah, R., 2012. The effect of baffle angle on primary sedimentation tank efficiency. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 39(3), pp. 293.
Shahrokhi, M., Rostami, F., Md. Said, M. A., Yazdi, S. R. S. & Syafalni., 2013. Experimental investigation of the influence of baffle position on the flow field, sediment concentration, and efficiency of rectangular primary sedimentation tanks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(1), pp. 88-94.
Shahsavari, H., Moradi, S., Parmodeh, A. Esmaili, K., 2020. Effect of V-shaped Blocks on Local Scour Downstream of Ogee Spillway, Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research, 21(80), pp. 115-132.
Singh, V. P., 2014. Entropy theory in hydraulic engineering: An introduction. CRC Press.
Smith, J., 2020. A comprehensive history of hydraulic structures. Water Science & Technology, 82(4), pp. 835-846
Stamou, A., 2018. The Disastrous Flash Flood of Mandra in Attica-Greece and now What?
Sulaiman, S. H., Ahmed, K. O., Isari, M., Bahrami, J., 2025. Numerical study on the influence of inlet blockage ratios and flow conditions on scour development in circular culverts. Journal of Structural Civil Engineering 2(1):2.
Sun, X., Chen, M., Bi, Y., Zheng, L., Che, C., Xu, A., et al., 2024. Protective effects of baffles with different positions, row spacings, heights on debris flow impact. Journal of Mountain Science, 21(7), pp. 2352–2367.
Taebi Harandi, A., Schroeder, E. D., 2000. Formation of density currents in secondary clarifiers. Journal of Water Resources, 34(4), pp. 1225-1232.
Taha, N., El-Feky, M. M., El-Saiad, A. A., Fathy, I., 2020a. Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts. Alex. Eng. J., 59(5), pp. 3503–3513.
Taha, N., El-Feky, M. M., El-Saiad, A. A., Zelenakova, M., Vranay, F., Fathy, I., 2020b. Study of scour characteristics downstream of partially blocked circular culverts. Water, 12(10), pp. 2845.
Tamayol, A., Firoozabadi, B., Ahmadi, G., 2008. Determination of settling tanks performance using an Eulerian-Lagrangian method. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 1(1), pp. 43.
Taylor, B., 2020. The influence of numerical simulation technologies on water structure design. Advances in Water Resources, 144, pp. 103708
Tekade, S. A., Vasudeo, A. D., Ghare, A. D., Ingle, R. N., 2016. Dimensionless discharge in supercritical flow regime for different sizes of cutthroat flumes. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41, pp. 4235-4245.
Tiwari, H. L., 2013. Analysis of baffle wall gap in the design of stilling basin model. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(4), pp. 66-71.
Ubing, C., 2015. Baffle-post structures for flow control in open channels (Master's thesis, Colorado State University).
Ubing, C., Ettema, R., Thornton, C. I., 2017. Flume experiments on baffle-posts for retarding open channel flow. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 55(3), pp. 430-437
UNDRR., 2019. Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Vatankhah, A. R., 2017. Discussion of New Stage Discharge Equation for the SMBF Flume by Francesco Giuseppe Carollo, Costanza Di Stefano, Vito Ferro, and Vincenzo Pampalone. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(8), pp. 07017011.
Vatankhah, A. R., Mohammadi, M., 2020. Stage–discharge equation for simple flumes with semi-cylinder contractions. SN Applied Sciences, 2, pp. 1–13.
Volkwein, A., Baumann, R., Rickli, C., Wendeler, C., 2015. Standardization for flexible debris retention barriers. In: Lollino, G. et al. (eds) Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Volume 2. Springer International Publishing, pp. 193–196.
Wang, C. P., Li, M. H., Lo, C. L., 2023. Investigation of baffle configurations on the water disinfection efficiency using ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes. Environmental Technology.
Wang, C. P., Li, M. H., Lo, C. L., 2024. Investigation of baffle configurations on the water disinfection efficiency using ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes. Environmental Technology, 45(25), pp. 5359-5367.
Wang, F., Chen, X. Q., Chen, J. G., 2017b. Experimental study on the energy dissipation characteristics of debris flow deceleration baffles. Journal of Mountain Science, 14, pp. 1951–1960.
Wang, F., Chen, X. Q., Chen, J. G., You, Y., 2017a. Experimental study on a debris-flow drainage channel with different types of energy dissipation baffles. Engineering Geology, 220, pp. 43–51.
Wang, H., Tang, H., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., 2016. Local scouring around twin bridge piers in open-channel flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 149(9), pp. 6016008.
Wang, Z. Y., Qi, L. J., Wang, X. Z., 2012a. Debris flow control with energy dissipation structures – experiences from Wenjiagou. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 43, pp. 253–263.
Wang, Z. Y., Qi, L. J., Wang, X. Z., 2012b. A prototype experiment of debris flow control with energy dissipation structures. Natural Hazards, 60, pp. 971–989.
Wei, J., Cotterill, S., & Keenahan, J., 2024. Optimizing the hydraulic performance of a baffled horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland through computational fluid dynamics modelling. Journal of Environmental Management.
Yang, Q., & Yang, Q., 2021. Numerical investigation of the turbulence characteristics and energy dissipation mechanism of baffle drop shafts. Water Science and Technology.
Yoon, S.-H., Park, K.-J., 2015. Effect of Baffles on Sloshing Mitigation in Liquid Storage Tanks. Mechanical Engineering.
Young, J., 2025. Social Response to Environmental Extremes: A Computational Approach.
Yune, C., & Kim, B.-J., 2021. Flume investigation of cylindrical baffles for dissipation of debris flow energy. Water Science and Technology.
Zaffar, M. W., Hassan, I., Ali, Z., Sarwar, K., 2023. Numerical investigation of hydraulic jumps with USBR and wedge-shaped baffle block basins for lower tailwater.
Zare, H. K., Doering, J. C., 2012. Energy dissipation and flow characteristics of baffles and sills on stepped spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50(2), pp. 184–195.
Zhang, B., Huang, Y., 2022. Impact Model for Baffle Design Resisting Granular-Flow Disasters. International Journal of Geomechanics, 22(12).
Zhang, M., Wang, J., 2022a. Global flood disaster research graph analysis based on literature mining. Applied Sciences, 12(6), pp. 3066.
Zhang, T., Wei, W., Hong, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Pei, Y., Li, Q., 2024. CFD method for the effect of baffle locations and baffle lengths on the hydraulic characteristics of a horizontal sedimentation tank. Desalination and Water Treatment, 317, pp. 100187.
Zhou, G. G. D., Ng, C. W. W., 2010a. Numerical investigation of reverse segregation in debris flows by DEM. Granular Matter, 12(5), pp. 507–516.
Zhou, G. G. D., Ng, C. W. W., 2010b. Dimensional analysis of natural debris flows. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(7), pp. 719–729.