Detecting surface water changes from multi-temporal satellite imagery using the normalized difference water change index

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Department of Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gonbad Kavous University

2 Department of Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zabol, Iran

10.22034/nawee.2026.585400.1230
چکیده
Objective: The main objective of this study is to propose a water change detection index, which directly extracts water body changes from two temporal images in a single step, instead of extracting surface waters from each temporal image separately and then comparing the results to detect the changes.
Methods: The formulation of NDWCI incorporated the difference between the green and shortwave-infrared bands from two temporal Landsat scenes, aiming to create contrast between areas where water surfaces have changed versus those that remained stable over time. The primary goal behind constructing NDWCI was to fuse multi-temporal images of a given location into a single composite image, such that unchanged pixels were minimized or suppressed while water-related changes between the two acquisition dates were clearly emphasized.
Results: The results demonstrate that although the accuracies of the NDWCI and NDWI differencing methods were close to each other, NDWCI consistently outperforms both NDWI and MNDWI differencing in terms of overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and commission and omission errors across the two test sites. At test site 1, NDWCI achieved the highest overall accuracy (98.33%) and Kappa (0.98), followed by NDWI (97.11%, 0.97) and MNDWI (94.85%, 0.91). A similar pattern is observed at test site 2, where NDWCI again records the best performance (96.32% accuracy, 0.93 Kappa), while MNDWI shows a marked drop in agreement (91.23% accuracy, 0.76 Kappa).
Conclusions: The NDWCI index can be applied to detect changes across various water types. Nevertheless, a key challenge remains in identifying an appropriate threshold value to reliably differentiate changed from unchanged areas. In conclusion, the proposed method showed strong capability for monitoring water body changes at the selected test sites. Therefore, this approach holds potential for enhancing water body change detection in future research.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله English

Detecting surface water changes from multi-temporal satellite imagery using the normalized difference water change index

نویسندگان English

Komeil Rokni 1
davood akbari 2
1 Department of Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gonbad Kavous University
2 Department of Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zabol, Iran
چکیده English

Water indices have been developed to characterize and extract the Earth's water body from space using satellite images. For detection of surface water changes, multi-temporal images are individually analyzed and compared to detect the changes. In this study, a water change index, named normalized difference water change index (NDWCI), was suggested to directly detect surface water changes between two different time images. The effectiveness of the proposed method to detect surface water change was evaluated in comparison with that of NDWI differencing and MNDWI differencing methods. Landsat imagery as one of the most widely used sources of data in remote sensing was used for this purpose. Overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were calculated to assess the accuracy of the resulting change maps. The results demonstrated that the NDWCI approach consistently outperformed both NDWI and MNDWI in terms of overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient across the two test sites. Overall, these findings indicate that NDWCI provides more robust and reliable surface water change detection than the traditional spectral indices, particularly in heterogeneous or challenging environments.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Landsat
Change detection
Water index, NDWCI