Journal of New Approaches in Water Engineering and Environment

Abstract One of the most important aspects of wheat breeding is the stability and resilience of varieties under different environmental conditions. Late-season drought stress is one of the most significant environmental stresses that limits wheat production and reduces its yield. This study aimed to examine the response of wheat grown under rainfed conditions. in mountainous area (Farsian village) located in Galikesh region.
For this purpose, a study was conducted on ten wheat varieties (UR-93-15, UR-95-15, Gaboos, Paya, Aramesh, Aplump, Euclide, Mihan, Gascojen, Wiener) in three replications within a randomized complete block design in Galikesh region. Data analysis was performed using SAS software.
The mean comparison results showed that the shortest and longest spike lengths belonged to the Aramesh variety with 9.60 cm and UR-93-15 variety with 15.6 cm, respectively. Additionally, the Aramesh variety with 592 spikes per square meter and the Euclide variety with 251 spikes per square meter had the highest and lowest number of spikes per square meter, respectively. The lowest number of grains per spike was observed in the Paya variety, and the highest value for this trait was observed in the Gaboos, Mihan, and UR-95-15 varieties with 43 grains per spike. Furthermore, the Wiener and Paya varieties had the highest and lowest biological yield (3.11 and 1.53 kg per square meter, respectively). Correlation results showed that the harvest index and the number of spikes had a positive correlation above 80% and played the most significant role in grain yield.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate two-layer substrates in closed hydroponic and select an appropriate design for strawberry cultivation. To select the appropriate dimensions of the two-layer substrate for strawberries, two different cultivation system designs were considered. In the first design, the base and height of the triangular substrate were 20 and 10 (B2), and in the second design, they were 12 and 20 cm (B3), respectively. The hydroponic cultivation of strawberries in grow bags (B1) was used as the control treatment. At the end of the growing period, to assess yield and yield components, five plants were selected, and 20 fruits were harvested from each plant. Based on the results, the highest and lowest leaf area, measuring 2037.3 and 1667 cm², belonged to the B2 and B1, respectively. In addition, the highest fruit weight per plant (679.2 gr), was achieved in the B2, which was significantly higher than the grow bag treatment (581.3 gr). The increase in yield is attributed to the efficient multi-channel system used in the two-layer substrates, which facilitated the flow of the hydroponic nutrient solution, thereby improving root growth and expansion. Overall, the results of this study indicate the significant superiority of the NCS systems with two-layer substrates compared to the conventional grow bag method, in terms of enhancing strawberry yield. Specifically, the use of the B2 and B3, compared to the grow bag substrate, resulted in yield increases of 16.8 and 11.1%, respectively.

Abstract Objective: Nowadays, optimal management of irrigation water is very essential issue and valuable tools calls irrigation management models to improve for this optimizing and facilitating.

Methods: For this purpose, aresearch was conducted with the aim of simulating the yield and water use efficiency of quinoa plant using the AquaCrop model at the Shahrekord Chahartakhteh Research Station located in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province during two crop years (2019-2020). The data of the first year were used for calibration and the data of the second year were used for validating the model. In this regard, 3 water treatments were selected as 30, 50, and 70 percent of usable water discharge in three replications and three stages of initial growth (I), development (D), middle (M), and final (F).

Results: The results showed that the highest and lowest yield and water use efficiency of quinoa were observed in full irrigation treatments and 70% water draining treatment of the plant, respectively. Also, water stress at the rate of 50 and 70 percent of usable water discharge in different stages of quinoa growth has led to a decrease in yield and water use efficiency. Also, the calculated statistics show the high efficiency and accuracy of the AquaCrop model in simulating the yield and water use efficiency of quinoa; So that the values of RMSE, EF and d statistics were obtained for yield 0.33, 0.85 and 0.9 and for water use efficiency 0.4, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively.

Abstract Gates are devices used to regulate flow rates or water levels. A middle-hinged gate can operate as a weir, a gate, or a combination of both by rotating around its hinge. This study analyzes the hydraulic performance of the middle-hinged gate in three modes using a laboratory model. The structure of the middle-hinged gate model is constructed from two equal parts without lateral compression, rotating around a central hinge. Experiments were conducted in a rectangular, non-sloping channel measuring 3.7 meters in length and 14 centimeters in width. The experimental results indicate that in the weir mode, when the blade rotates in the upper half, at sharp angles (30 degrees), with rotating downstream at a constant upstream water height, an average of 3.17% more discharge passes through it. As the angle increases, the direction of rotation (upstream or downstream) has little effect on flow rate changes. In the gate mode, at a constant upstream water height, after an angle of 90 degrees, both the angle and the direction of rotation do not affect the discharge. Additionally, in the weir-gate mode, at a constant water height, an increase in angle in the weir (the gate angle is 30° and the weir angle increases from 30° to 45°) has 48.6% less discharge than the same increase in the gate mode (the weir angle is 30° and the gate angle increases from 30° to 45).

Abstract The results of the t test showed that at a significance level of 5%, the null hypothesis (H0: µ1=µ2) was confirmed only in the case of the Ivanof and Christiansen-Hargreaves RS models. Among all the models used, the Ivanof moisture model has the lowest value of RMSE, MAE, MBE statistical indices. , with values equal to 51.37, 37.78 and -14.6 mm per month, respectively. Calibration has significantly improved the performance of all models used in this research. Ivanof's humidity model with an determination coefficient of 0.917 and an equivalent correlation coefficient of 0.957 had the highest value among the used models. The results showed that Ivanof's model has the best compatibility with F.P.M model data and provides more reliable results. Ivanof's humidity model with calibration and even without calibration, due to the accuracy in estimation and the limitation of the necessary meteorological parameters to 2 factors of temperature and relative humidity, can be recommended for estimating the potential evapotranspiration of Jolfa synoptic station.

Abstract One of the most important indices of drought that considers soil moisture as an input parameter is the soil moisture drought (SMDI) index. Investigating the effect of climate change on agricultural drought using SMDI index in different salinity and drought stresses with the help of Aqua Crop model in the basic period (2005-1975) and upcoming (2025-2055) in Birjand region is the aim of this study. To predict precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature in the upcoming period in the study area of five climate models IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM, CSIRO-MK3.6, HADGEM2-ES, GFDL-ESM2M under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios ,were used, among which the CSIRO-MK3.6 model was selected as the best model using weighting method and performance criteria. The results showed that the amount of precipitation forecast for the upcoming period compared to the base period decreased under both emission scenarios and the annual average maximum and minimum temperature in the future period increased compared to the base period under both emission scenarios. The severity of the SMDI drought index for rainfed treatment in the upcoming period is lower in both scenarios than in other treatments, indicating the need for rainfed recovery in the region. The results also showed that all treatments, on average, would have a lower degree of drought in the RCP8.5 scenario in the upcoming period than in the RCP4.5 emission scenario

Abstract Objective: Spur dikes are one of the important structures for organizing rivers. A spur dike is a structure that is designed to prevent the erosion of the river banks. The height, length and permeability of the spur dike are among the factors that affect scour around the spur dike. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the dimensions of the openings in the permeable spur dike on scour in the non-submerged state.
Methods: The experiments of this research were carried out in a rectangular flume with a length of 10 meters, a width of 30 cm and a height of 50 cm. All the experiments were conducted in steady flow and clear water conditions (U/Uc = 0.95), with flow rate and flow depth adjusted to the sediment movement threshold. In the present research, spur dike with a length of 23% of the flume width (7 cm), perpendicular to the flume wall (90 degrees), with four permeability (P) of 10, 20, 30 and 40% and four S/LS (ratio of spur dike openings dimensions to spur dike length) equal to 0.014. 0.025, 0.033, and 0.05 have been used.

Abstract Farmers' participation in sustainable water management is an important necessity. The aim of this research is to determine several strategies and introduce several scenarios to improve the level of farmers' participation in the Jiroft region. The use of Future studies techniques using an expert panel is the main method of this research. Using this method, 16 drivers were identified in the first stage and seven main drivers affecting participation in sustainable water resources management in the second stage. These drivers were: updating water laws, public participation in all stages of decision-making, establishing water user organizations (ab-baran) awareness and education of farmers, informing farmers, clarifying the position of people in water management, developing and strengthening irrigation systems, and creating a water market. The Delphi method was also used to develop scenarios using the opinions of experts using purposeful sampling. MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software were used in data analysis. Finally, considering the seven key drivers, three scenarios were proposed: utopia, heterogeneous decision-making, and sustainable development. Finally, suggestions were presented to improve and strengthen farmers' participation in the sustainable management of agricultural water resources.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this research is to achieve the appropriate accuracy of the AquaCrop7 model in predicting the yield of rainfed wheat and also the effect of planting date on crop yield in different climatic regions (Gorgan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Ahvaz, Kermanshah and Urmia).
Methods: First, daily climate information for the statistical period (1991-2020) was obtained from the synoptic stations of the National Meteorological Organization. Crop yield data were also obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization and conventional planting dates from regional information. Then the required information was included in the AquaCrop model and after recalibration and evaluation of the accuracy of the model based on the conventional planting date, the yield of the crop under early and late planting date was also obtained and compared with the yield under the conventional planting date.
Results: The results of rainfed wheat yield simulation indicated the acceptable accuracy of the model (with high R2 values and low NRMSE values) in crop yield modeling. Also, the yield of the model crop in the mentioned cities was from 2.52, 1.09, 1.28, 0.83, 1.53 and 1.29 tons per hectare in the date of conventional cultivation to 2.721, 1.349, 1.45, 1.217, 1.742 and 1.683 tons per hectare in the early planting date. Therefore, based on the planting dates, the highest yield was related to the early planting date.
Conclusions: AquaCrop7 model is an effective tool for water management and planning of rainfed wheat planting and determining the optimal planting time in the study areas.

Abstract To monitor the existing status of wastewater treatment systems of the stone quarrying industry, samples were taken from 29 quarrying units, according to the type of stone produced and the type of treatment system. Variables including suspended solid particles, dissolved solid particles, electrical conductivity, pH, and turbidity were measured in raw water, raw wastewater, and treated wastewater. The results showed that sedimentation treatment in these industries is not able to remove dissolved solid particles and reduce the electrical conductivity of wastewater. But filter press systems using polyacrylamide have a purification efficiency of 78% to 98% in removing turbidity. Statistical comparison of the effect of stone type, the effect of treatment type, and the simultaneous effect of these two on the turbidity variables and suspended solid particles of the treated wastewater of stone cutting factories, the only significant difference between the average suspended solid particles of the treated wastewater of stone cutting factories with filter press systems using polyacrylamide (52.5 ± 85.7 mg/liter) with other two groups. The results showed the superiority of the new filter press system with the use of polyacrylamide in increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment. But it seems that the continuous and correct management of the purification system in stone cutting factories is a more important factor in the efficiency of removing turbidity and suspended solid waste particles, regardless of the type of stone produced or the wastewater treatment system.

Abstract Objective: To study the effect of geotextile mats tape pipes layout perforation in subsurface irrigation on Depth of wetting and capillary rise and, in general, the distribution of moisture.
Methods: These experiments were carried out on a plexiglas four lysimeter (30m×40m×70m) The number of perforation in the tape pipe similar in all treatments In order to study the effect of geotextile mats tape pipes layout perforation in subsurface irrigation, 4 treatments (including towards opening up, down, around and up and down) in silty clay soil was considered For water supply from two sources were used as storage the first of source and a second source was considered as the main source, the output rate of 15 liters per hour were measured.
Results: The results showed the rows layout perforated the significant effect on Depth of wetting and capillary rise and, in general, the distribution of moisture. The results showed that the maximum depth of wetting in treatment Pu (perforated tube upwards) after 15 minutes of irrigation, 16.7% less than the control (perforated around pipes) is, also maximum capillary rise Related to treatment Pu that 22.6 percent more than the control. Therefore, the use of discharge tubes with perforation in the perforated tube upwards with geotextile cover can be Successful approach for improving the distribution of soil moisture at the soil is recommended.

Abstract Objective: The emergence of persistent environmental pollutants in water resources poses a serious environmental challenge, threatening human health and ecosystems. This study aims to evaluate, analyze, and select the most efficient modern water treatment methods for the removal of these pollutants using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Methods: This applied, descriptive-analytical study was conducted through a review of various scientific sources and data collection from 19 experts in the fields of environmental science and water engineering. The hierarchical structure included four main criteria (pollutant removal efficiency, economic cost, environmental compatibility, and feasibility) and four alternatives for pollutant removal (advanced oxidation processes, membrane technologies, adsorption with nanomaterials, and biological methods). Data analysis was performed using Expert Choice software version 11.
Results: Based on the data analysis, the criterion "pollutant removal efficiency" with a relative weight of 0.42 was identified as the most important factor. Among the alternatives evaluated, advanced oxidation processes were identified as the best method for pollutant removal from water resources based on the research criteria. Sensitivity analysis revealed that changes in the weights of the criteria had no significant impact on the ranking results, and the findings aligned with independent expert opinions.
Conclusions: Advanced oxidation processes were identified as one of the best options for removing persistent environmental pollutants. The findings of this study can serve as a solid foundation for policymaking and water resource management aimed at reducing persistent environmental pollutants and improving water quality.