Journal of New Approaches in Water Engineering and Environment

Abstract Sustainable supply of water resources in desert areas requires the development of new methods of water supply, which one of the most important methods is using underground dams due to its outstanding characteristics and has a special place in the development of water resources in the world. The indicators of determining the appropriate axis for the construction of underground dam was done in this study, firstly, that the factors affecting the identification of suitable areas for the construction of underground dam were investigated. At the beginning, basic maps including geology, land use and slope were prepared and combined in ArcGIS software through Boolean logic. Then Boolean logic was used to remove inappropriate points. According to the studies and the results of the digging of the keshit diversion dam and also the field studies, the depth of alluvial in different parts of the keshit River varies between 2 and 7 meters in impact point with high dike wall that allows the transfer of subcortical flow to the ground surface easily. Therefore, there is not much limitation in the undergraduate study phase in terms of the depth of alluvial for the construction of underground dam, although due to the shallow depth of alluvial, the possibility of subsurface water storage will not be considerable.

Abstract The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The investigated factors included irrigation cycle (0, 7, 14 and 21 days), compost amount (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and water source (river water). In order to ensure uniformity in the growth of seedlings, the first watering was done immediately after planting for all treatments to establish the plant. According to the distance of the plants (1.5 meters apart), each row included 4 plants, which were randomly sampled. At the time of harvesting mucilage parameters, total nitrogen, quercetin was measured.

According to the obtained results, the investigated treatments had a significant effect on the plant height, the number of sub-stems, the yield of flowering branches, the percentage and yield of essential oil and borage mucilage. The highest number of sub-stems, height, yield of flowering branch and production of mucilage and essential oil were obtained in non-stress conditions and with the use of 10% chemical + biological fertilizers, and the lowest values were obtained in the conditions of vegetative + reproductive stress and with the use of 50% chemical + biological fertilizers. The combined use of 10% chemical + biological fertilizers compared to the use of 11% chemical fertilizers improved plant height by 10% in vegetative stress and 30% in reproductive stress. The results showed that carotenoid and total chlorophyll decreased due to drought stress.

Abstract This research was conducted using corn data collected from a research farm in Karaj city. The studied treatments included three levels of irrigation (I1, I2 and I3 based on 75, 100 and 125% of the crop’s water requirement, respectively) and three planting densities (D1, D2 and D3 representing 75,000, 85,000 and 95,000 plants per hectare, respectively). This research was done in order to optimize the amount of irrigation water and plant density of corn. The results showed that the regression model used had a low estimation error (MBE<0), but its error and accuracy were acceptable based on two statistics, RMSE and NRMSE. The efficiency of this model was obtained based on two statistics d and EF (>0.9). For this reason, optimization was done using this model. Changes in yield, number of rows, leaf length and seed length had an upward trend with increasing irrigation water, but plant density only had an effect on increasing yield and seed length. The changes of other parameters did not have a regular trend, and for this reason, overlaying layers were used. The results showed that the optimal limits of irrigation water and plant density were in the range of -0.5 to +0.5. Based on the optimization results, if 85% of irrigation water is used and the plant density of 75,000 plants per hectare is observed, the highest yield and yield components are obtained.

Abstract Objective:in this research, the development of a fuzzy model is proposed to enhance the Wilcox classification system.

Methods: The data recorded by the regional water organization of Golestan province in the years 1961 to 2014 at eight stations of the Gorganrood River were used for two inputs (SAR and EC), one output (water quality class) and 16 fuzzy rules developed in this research.

Results: The obtained results showed that the proposed developed model has a good compatibility with the Wilcox model and it is good in determining the agricultural water quality classes. It is expected that the possibility of predicting the risk of river water for use in the agricultural sector based on the proposed system will enable users to have a proper explanation for the changes in water quality during the study period. In addition, you can see temporal and spatial changes in water quality classes ahead of time and early forecast.

Conclusions: The proposed system is capable of classifying water quality into 16 classes and assigns a grade to each class, which is created in a fuzzy form between the interval [0,1]. While in Wilcox's model, he classifies them in only one class. In other words, the 16 different water quality classes of the Wilcox model have overlapping boundaries in the real world, which is clearly shown by the proposed fuzzy system.

Abstract Before contact with leachate, GCL must be sufficiently hydrated, or in other words absorb moisture, so that it has sealing properties and prevents the penetration of leachate into the subsoil. GCL absorbs moisture from the subsoil and swells and gets sealing properties, therefore, investigating the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from the subsoil has become important and has become the subject of research by some researchers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from the subsoil contaminated with leachate and what effect the presence of leachate has on the hydration of GCL and its sealing properties. In this research, the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from three types of sandy soil, mixed and fine-grained, for each of these soils in three different initial moisture percentages, for sandy soil including 8%, 13%, and 23%, for mixed soil and Fine-grained soil including 2.4%, 12.4% and 17.4% was investigated and its results were presented, then the moisture absorption behavior of GCL in the presence of leachate was investigated for all three types of soil in the condition that the soils were in three types of leachate percentage. Various were contaminated. The results of investigating the moisture absorption behavior of GCL show that in the presence of leachate, the amount of moisture absorbed by GCL in the tested time period is less than the expected value and the presence of leachate has a significant negative effect on GCL hydration by more than 2 to 6 times.

Abstract In this research, the flow coefficient and efficiency of the pivot side weir with the flow threshold under different opening angles towards the side channel were investigated. The weir model built in this research consists of a threshold part with a fixed right angle and an inclined hinge part with the ability to change the angle. the performance of three models with a ratio of 1.5, 1 and 0.75 were examined and their flow coefficient and efficiency were calculated. According to the laboratory results, it was observed that for all the numbers of the upstream landing, with the increase of the opening angle towards the side channel, the discharge coefficient of different models is on average about 30 to 60% and the efficiency is about 20 to 45% compared to the control model. rectangular weir with a sharp vertical edge) will increase. Next, a linear relationship was obtained in order to calculate the flow coefficient of the laboratory models. R^2 of this relationship is equal to 0.72 and the NRMSE and WQD error values for it were calculated as 0.6 and 0.02, respectively. The results of this research showed that the opening of the model facing the side channel under different angles leads to an increase in the flow coefficient and weir efficiency and will have a positive effect on the performance of the pivot side weir. By verifying the accuracy of the linear relationship obtained in this research, it can be concluded that the mentioned equation is accurate.

Abstract In order to study the effect of seaweed extract and amino acid application on plant height, number of secondary branches, number of inflorescences, flower yield and essential oil of German chamomile plant, a factorial experiment in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in The research farm of Gonbad Kavoos University was implemented. Application of seaweed extract in three levels including no consumption (control), foliar application (at the rate of 1 kg per hectare), application with irrigation ( 2 kg per 10,000 liters of water) and application of amino acids in three levels including no consumption (control) ), foliar spraying of Amino Spark amino acids (1 kg/ha) and Azomine amino acids (1 kg/ha).
The results of the variance analysis table showed that the effect of seaweed extract and amino acids consumption on plant height, number of sub-branches, number of inflorescences and flower yield was statistically significant at 1%. so that the use of amino acids under the treatment of algae consumption led to an increase in the performance of German chamomile flowers and essential oils. The results of the present study showed that the application of seaweed extract bio fertilizers and amino acids improves the morphological traits, flower yield and essential oil percentage as one of the most important goals of the economic production of the German chamomile medicinal plant.

Abstract Objective:In the present study, the quality of drinking water resources of Malayer city was evaluated using Wilcox,WQI and NPI indices and the non-carcinogenic risk caused by nitrates in drinking water.
Methods:For this purpose, 60 tap water samples were taken from 15 urban areas and pH, EC and NO3 were measured in each sample. After determining water quality with the help of indicators and comparing the values of these parameters with the WHO standard and the national standard of Iran;The amount of daily intake(CDI) of nitrate and non-carcinogenic risk(HQ) in four age groups of infants, children, adolescents and adults were calculated for different areas of Malayer city.
Results: Based on the obtained results, the quality of urban drinking water sources of Malayer was evaluated as excellent and without pollution. The average pH,EC and nitrate were 7.42, (µS/cm) 710.49 and(mg/L) 6.09, respectively, in the case of pH and nitrate, these values were below the permissible limit and for electrical conductivity, they were above the permissible limit. the desired standards.The non-carcinogenic risk was estimated to be less than one in all regions, and its value was obtained from the highest to the lowest,respectively,for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. So that the highest daily absorption of nitrate was estimated to be 0.443 mg/kg body weight per day for infants and the lowest(mg/kg/day) was 0.041 mg/kg/day for adults.
Conclusions:Based on this, infants are the most vulnerable group to nitrate pollution. The non-carcinogenic risk of nitrates was the lowest in Fakhriyeh and the highest in valiasr.

Abstract The coefficient of water distribution uniformity in sprinkler irrigation systems is one of the important indicators that are effective in evaluating their performance and only high values can justify the implementation of these systems. The purpose of this research is to use support vector machine (SVM) and gene expression programming (GEP) models to simulate the coefficient of water distribution uniformity in the farm-conditions of Malekan plain in the northwest of Iran, which is in the catchment area of the Urmia lake is experiencing severe water stress.Field tests were carried out on seven farms equipped with a classic stationary sprinkler irrigation system with a movable sprinkler (Komet 162, 163) with variables of sprinkler intervals on laterals and manifolds, operating pressure and wind speed, and distribution uniformity coefficient data were obtained. The values of the indicators (RMSE, MAE, R2) were obtained in the training and test steps, respectively (3.5087, 2.6827, 0.8634) and (1.1787, 0.9494, 0.9833) for GEP. The values of the evaluation indices (RMSE, MAE, R2) for the most optimal SVM model in the test and training steps were obtained (4.8917, 4.2704, 0.7884) and (2.6790, 2.4113, 0.9185) respectively. In the training step, the value of CU(DDR(max)) for GEP and SVM model was calculated as 7.0540 and 5.2925 respectively. The value of this index in the test step for these two models was 20.83 and 9.28 respectively. The comparison of the value of this index also showed that the GEP model is more accurate than the SVM model.

Abstract Owing to the water crisis, the development of innovative and clean advanced oxidation processes to decompose a variety of harmful organic compounds in wastewater has become the main challenge for many research teams. In fact, continuous increasing concentrations of antibiotics in the environment is a serious potential hazard due to their toxicity and persistence. Unfortunately, conventional treatment techniques, such as those utilized in wastewater treatment plants, are not efficient for the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics. Recently, technologies based on algae as well as cold discharge plasma are among the processes that have been widely studied and developed due to their low energy cost and easy operation. In this review article, the mechanisms of bioabsorption, bioaccumulation and biodegradation using algae-bacteria consortia to remove antibiotics, the integration of algae with other microorganisms, and the effect of various factors on the effectiveness of decontamination by discharge plasma have been investigated. In addition, the production and reaction mechanisms of active compounds in discharge plasma systems, the potential and design of the laboratory-scale reactor, the combination of discharge plasma for decontamination with other processes, post- and pre-treatment along with the use of algae as a precursor for the production and modification of biochar With other materials to improve the removal capacity of a more attention hass in algae-mediated antibiotic removal technologies with cold plasma and provides insights for reducing waste consumption in aquatic environments.

Abstract Changing in precipitation pattern and incidence drought stress shows the necessity of optimal use of water resources and saving in consumption is emerged more than before. The soil moisture content under the root zone can provide part of the plant's water requirement. Currently, the zone under the root of plant is not considered in the calculation of the water balance and the plant water requirement so water entering to this zone is considered as a part of deep percolation losses. In this research, HYDRUS 2D/3D software was used to simulate water flow in the soil in the area under the roots of the sugar beet plant. The investigated scenarios included 4 buffer treatments with different depths under the root zone and three different soil textures including loam, silty clay loam and sandy loam. The results showed that in all three soil textures, increasing the depth of the buffer caused more water to be uptaken by the roots, the best result was obtained for the loam texture, with the buffer depth of 50 cm below the root zone, so that the amount of water uptake compared to the condition without buffer depth, was increased by 7.9%. This value was obtained for the texture of silty clay loam and sandy loam at the buffer depth of 75 cm, with an increase of 8.8% and 4.3%, respectively. Deep percolation in loam, silty clay loam and sandy loam texture decreased by 81, 56 and 90% respectively with increasing buffer depth.

Abstract Objective: One of the most critical meteorological variables influenced by climate change is the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), a key parameter in the design of high-risk water infrastructures such as dams. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on PMP across the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea (including synoptic stations in Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Babolsar, Qaemshahr, and Gorgan).
Methods: To generate climate change scenarios for two periods (2025-2054 and 2055-2084), the outputs of 18 AOGCM models and three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) were used. To reduce uncertainties in the AOGCM outputs, two methods-weighted averaging and probabilistic analysis-were employed. In the weighted averaging method, AOGCM models were ranked and weighted based on their accuracy in simulating precipitation of baseline period. In the probabilistic method, probability distributions were applied to generate precipitation scenarios at probability levels of 0.5, 0.75, and 0.90.
Results: The findings revealed significant uncertainty among AOGCM outputs and emission scenarios in estimating PMP, indicating that PMP changes in the studied stations do not follow a consistent pattern. However, in the weighted averaging approach, PMP is generally expected to decrease in the first period and show a slight increase in the second period.
Conclusions: For designing high-risk structures, it is recommended to utilize the results from the critical scenario with a 0.90 probability level. In this case, the increase in PMP due to climate change varies from approximately 12% at Qaemshahr station to a maximum of 48% at Gorgan station.